2022-2023 Undergraduate Academic Catalogue 
    
    Apr 27, 2024  
2022-2023 Undergraduate Academic Catalogue [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 

Music

  
  • MU 307 - Music of the Romantic Period

    (3.00 cr.)

    A survey of nineteenth century Western art and popular music, as well as the social and intellectual conditions that produced it.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IGE
  
  • MU 308 - Hearing the Movies

    (3.00 cr.)

    Surveying representative works in a wide range of genres—from silent film, to film musicals, to contemporary epics—this course explores the technical relationships between soundtracks and image tracks, and investigates how the sonic dimension of film can influence narrative interpretation and audience responses.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IF
  
  • MU 309 - Opera and Theatre

    (3.00 cr.)

    Studies the development of opera and its conventions from the genre's origins as an aristocratic experiment to its flowering as commercial entertainment. Through case studies of representative works, this course reveals how opera reflects broader socio-political concerns, such as imperial power, gender, and race.  Same course as DR 309 .

    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 310 - Structure of Music: Theory II

    (3.00 cr.)

    Third music theory course in the curriculum. Students begin working with advanced techniques of analysis and composing short works. Topics include modulation, melodic development, and chromatic harmony.

    Prerequisite: MU 302 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 311 - Jazz Ensemble II

    (1.50 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 211 . An audition with the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

    Prerequisite: Two semesters of MU 211 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 314 - Topics in Non-Western Music

    (3.00 cr.)

    A survey of musics from around the world and the cultural settings in which they were produced and performed. Topic announced each time the course is offered. No training in music necessary.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/ICL
  
  • MU 315 - Conducting

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students study the art of conducting. Topics include score preparation, conducting, and rehearsal techniques. Students work with choral and/or instrumental ensembles in preparation for performance.

    Prerequisite: MU 205 MU 302 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 320 - Chamber Ensemble II

    (1.50 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 220 . An audition with the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

    Prerequisite: Two semesters of MU 220 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 321 - Concert Choir II

    (1.50 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 221 . An audition with the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

    Prerequisite: Two semesters of MU 221 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 323 - Jazz Combo

    (1.50 cr.)

    An instrumental jazz group of four to eight players, representing the top jazz musicians on campus. The combo performs repertoire from lead sheets, requiring performers to create arrangements collectively and to develop a musically mature improvisational language. Members must be active in the jazz ensemble. An audition with the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

    Concurrent Requisite: MU 211  or MU 311 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 324 - Composition

    (3.00 cr.)

    Student study the process of musical composition by examining masterworks and by completing a series of composition assignments and original works. Assignments progress from basic melody writing, through two- and three-part writing, to multivoiced works for piano or small ensemble.

    Prerequisite: MU 302 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 325 - Counterpoint

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students study the art of imitative and nonimitative counterpoint by studying examples of polyphonic music from the Renaissance and Baroque. 

    Prerequisite: MU 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 326 - Songwriting

    (3.00 cr.)

    Introduces the fundamental methods, techniques, and practices of songwriting. Study includes a survey of styles such as pop, folk, hip hop, singer-songwriter, rhythm and blues, and country, including such artists as George Gershwin, The Beatles, Radiohead, Kendrick Lamar, and others based on student interest. Students have the opportunity to develop their own original material, work in collaboration with others, and receive individual feedback on their work. Sample topics include song form, text-setting, melody & harmony, and instrumentation.

    Prerequisite: MU 110  or MU 201  or MU 202  or written permission of the instructor. 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 327 - Cantorei

    (1.50 cr.)

    Cantorei is a smaller ensemble that specializes in a repertoire of specific genres, periods, and composers selected each semester. Cantorei frequently performs ensemble from musical theatre. Participants must also be active members of the Concert Choir. An audition with the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

    Concurrent Requisite: MU 221  or MU 321 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 330 - Guitar Ensemble II

    (1.50 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 230 . May be repeated for creditOpen to students, faculty, and staff by audition.

    Prerequisite: Two semesters of MU 230  or an audition with the instructor.
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 331 - Steel Pan Ensemble II

    (1.50 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 231 . May be repeated for credit.

    Prerequisite: MU 231 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 350 - Recording Studio I

    (3.00 cr.)

    In this hands-on course, students work in Loyola's recording studio and learn the art and craft of live and studio multi-track recording. Students are assigned a number of projects to gain an understanding of fundamental principles and attain facility with recording equipment, techniques, and software applications. Through the study and application of the proper and creative use of these elements, students learn how the recording process not only documents the creation of expressive music but is also an integral part of that creation. The primary goal is to enable each student to produce articulate and expressive musical works through the digital process.

    Prerequisite: MU 110  or MU 201  or MU 202  or MU 203  or one MU 300-level course, or written permission of the instructor. 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 351 - Recording Studio II

    (3.00 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 350 . Focuses on the application of advanced techniques in digital recording. Students complete recording assignments in live stereo recording, studio tracking, mixing, equalization, the use of effects, and basic mastering. The primary goal is to provide students with a broader technical and artistic foundation from which to produce articulate and expressive musical works of very high quality through the digital process.

    Prerequisite: MU 350  or written permission of the instructor.
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 352 - Mixing and Mastering

    (3.00 cr.)

    Provides students an opportunity to work with multi-track recordings in this project-based course, teaching the principles of music editing, mixing, mastering, and how to confidently and musically use these principles to create finished music productions of high quality. Students learn how to monitor, prepare, and edit raw tracks. Additionally, students balance the tracks while applying EQ, compression, and effects. Finally, students learn how to create a high-quality two-track master which meets the loudness standards for streaming and other forms of distribution. The primary goal of the course is to enable students to edit and mix articulate and expressive musical works through the digital process.

    Prerequisite: MU 110  or MU 201  or MU 202  or MU 203  or one MU 300-level course, or written permission of the instructor.
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • MU 355 - Special Topics in Music

    (3.00 cr.)

    An intensive investigation of a special topic of music, music history, performance, or creation. Written or electronic permission of the instructor. May be repeated twice for credit with different topics.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 360 - Applied Music (1/2 hour)

    (1.00 cr.)

    Private instruction in a musical instrument or voice. Each lesson is one-half hour per week with independent practice as prescribed by the teacher. 

    Restrictions: Open to freshmen and first semester sophomores with catalogue year 2022-2023 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 361 - Applied Music (3/4 Hour)

    (1.50 cr.)

    Private instruction in musical instruments and voice. Each lesson is 45 minutes per week with independent practice as prescribed by the teacher. May repeated 7 times for degree credit.

    Restrictions: Restricted to music majors, performing arts comprehensive majors, and music minors. Open to students with catalogue year 2022-2023 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 370 - Applied Music (1/2 hour)

    (1.00 cr.)

    Private instruction in musical instruments and voice. Each lesson is one-half hour per week with independent practice as prescribed by the teacher. May be repeated 2 times for degree credit.

    Restrictions: Restricted to majors and minors. Closed to students with catalogue year 2022-2023 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 375 - Applied Music (1 Hour)

    (2.00 cr.)

    Private instruction in musical instruments and voice. Each lesson is one hour per week with independent practice as prescribed by the teacher. May be repeated 2 times for degree credit.

    Restrictions: Restricted to music majors and minors. Closed to students with catalogue year 2022-2023 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 380 - Applied Music (1/2 hour)

    (1.00 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 370  or MU 375 . May be repeated 6 times for degree credit.

    Prerequisite: Two semesters of MU 370  or MU 375  and a passed jury. Permission is granted by the coordinator of the music program.
    Restrictions: Restricted to music majors and minors. Closed to students with catalogue year 2022-2023 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • MU 385 - Applied Music (1 Hour)

    (2.00 cr.)

    A continuation of MU 370  or MU 375 . May be repeated 6 times for degree credit.

    Prerequisite: Two semesters of MU 370  or MU 375  and a passed jury. Permission is granted by the coordinator of the music program.
    Restrictions: Restricted to music majors and minors. Closed to students with catalogue year 2022-2023 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually


Operations

  
  • OM 260 - Supply Chain and Operations Management

    (3.00 cr.)

    Operations management develops the processes by which organizations create value. Students develop an overview of the planning and operation of systems to convert resources to goods and services. Topics include operations strategy, design of processes, product and process quality, global competition and supply chain issues, productivity of operating systems, impact on societal and physical environment, and both qualitative and quantitative methods to improve decision making. Recommended completion during sophomore year.

    Prerequisite: MA 151  or MA 251  or equivalent, EC 102 EC 220  or ST 210 . 
    Prerequisite (may be taken concurrently):  IS 251  or​ BH 251 .
    Restrictions: Open to students with catalogue year 2020-2021 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • OM 305 - Lean Operations

    (3.00 cr.)

    Introduces the fundamental Lean Six Sigma principles that underlay modern continuous improvement approaches in both manufacturing and service operations. Lean is focused on the creation of value through the continuous elimination of waste. Six Sigma is a quality system that focuses on elimination of variation from all processes. The basic principles can have a dramatic effect across the supply chain to improve quality, productivity, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, time-to-market and financial performance. Decision methods include decision styles, forecasting, materials management, service management, and simulation.

    Prerequisite: OM 260  or OM 330  or BH 330 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IMC
  
  • OM 330 - Operations Management

    (3.00 cr.)

    Develops the processes by which organizations create value. Students develop an overview of the planning and operation of systems using resources to convert raw materials, components, etc. to goods and services consumed by end customers. Topics include operations strategy, design of processes, product and process quality, global competition and supply chain issues, productivity of operating systems, impact on societal and physical environment, and both qualitative and quantitative methods to improve decision making.

    Prerequisite: EC 102 , EC 220 , IS 251  or BH 251 MA 151  or MA 251  or equivalent. 
    Restrictions: Closed to students with catalogue year 2020-2021 or beyond.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • OM 334 - Global Supply Chain Strategy and Sourcing

    (3.00 cr.)

    Global supply chain strategy and sourcing management introduces the students to global supply chain issues including strategy and sourcing management. Topics include understanding global supply chain structure, key tensions in designing a supply chain and cultural issues when dealing with global supply chains. Sourcing and procurement topics include purchasing process, sourcing strategy development, supplier evaluation and selection, supplier management and development, and understanding elements of negotiation and purchasing law. Recommended completion during junior year.

    Prerequisite: OM 260  or OM 330  or BH 330 .
    Restrictions: Restricted to sophomores, juniors, or seniors.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IMC
  
  • OM 335 - Project Management

    (3.00 cr.)

    Develops principles and management techniques needed to successfully complete projects. Utilizes technology to assist in initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling, and closing a project. Discusses the human costs of change and disruption associated with new projects. Recommended completion during the junior year.

    Prerequisite: OM 260  or OM 330  or BH 330 MG 201  or BH 201 .
    Restrictions: Restricted to juniors and seniors.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IMC
  
  • OM 406 - Logistics and Supply Chain Analytics

    (3.00 cr.)

    In supply chain management, logistics is the planning, implementation, and control of the efficient and effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the consumer. This course provides a practical management perspective of these areas: distribution, transportation, international logistics, inventory control, sustainable logistics practices, and leadership in a supply chain. The course provides hands-on logistics technology experience using an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system. Students will be prepared to gather, describe, and analyze data; use advanced statistical tools to make decisions; understand what data is needed; and how to use data to measure supply chain performance. On this basis, students learn how to apply various data tools and methods to analyze trends, forecast customer demand, extract business intelligence, and make decisions. Recommended completion during senior year.

    Prerequisite: OM 305  and OM 334 .
    Restrictions: Restricted to juniors and seniors.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IMC
  
  • OM 499 - Internship in Operations Management

    (3.00 cr.)

    Individual study and group preparation and reflection while working for an organization. Students work with an operations or information systems professional, performing duties which are matched with Loyola coursework. Each internship is constructed by an operations management professor in conjunction with the on-site supervisor. Students work with the professor before engagement and at end of the term.

    Prerequisite: OM 260  ​or OM 330  or BH 330 .
    Restrictions: Restricted to seniors or written permission of the instructor.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually


Philosophy

  
  • PL 201 - Foundations of Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    A one semester introduction to philosophy. Three focal points are covered: the emergence and development of rational theories on the nature of reality (metaphysics); questions concerning the grounds for distinguishing between knowledge and opinion (epistemology); and the nature and status of values (ethical, aesthetic, religious, etc.). Special attention is paid to the origins of philosophy and its historical beginnings in the ancient world.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PL 202 - Philosophical Perspectives: The Project of Modernity

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines distinctive aspects of the modern philosophical project as it relates to questions of science, politics, society, history, or morals. Philosophical theories ranging from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries are treated in their historical development and/or their opposition to ancient teachings.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PL 210 - Philosophical Perspectives: Politics and Society

    (3.00 cr.)

    Addresses the basis and goals of human society, including issues concerning the structure of the good community as balanced against the interests of the individual.

    Recommended Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IPJ
  
  • PL 216 - Philosophical Perspectives: Asian Thought

    (3.00 cr.)

    An introduction to the philosophical and spiritual traditions of Asia, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. Comparisons with Western thought are explored.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/IA/ICL
  
  • PL 220 - Philosophical Perspectives: Art and Imagination

    (3.00 cr.)

    An exploration of the parallel development of philosophy and art as truth-disclosing activities.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 224 - Philosophical Perspectives: Soul and Psyche

    (3.00 cr.)

    An examination of the philosophical foundations of psychology from Plato to Freud.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 228 - Philosophical Perspectives: Philosophy and Genocide

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines the challenges that genocide poses for philosophy and what philosophy and philosophers might do to confront and even prevent genocide.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: GT/IPJ
  
  • PL 230 - Philosophical Perspectives: Humanity and Divinity

    (3.00 cr.)

    A philosophical investigation of the nature and meaning of the religious life.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PL 232 - Philosophical Perspectives: Gender and Nature

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines the history of Western concepts of nature and science with particular attention to how ideas about hierarchy, gender, and violence have affected our relationship to the natural world. Introductory course for the Gender Studies minor.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IES/IG
  
  • PL 235 - Philosophical Perspectives: Philosophy and Science

    (3.00 cr.)

    A philosophical examination of science. Explores topics such as confirmation of the scientific method, the possibility of scientific progress, and the value of scientific inquiry.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IES/IFS
  
  • PL 236 - Philosophical Perspectives: Environmental Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Explores the place of human beings within the much larger natural world and the fundamental conceptions of nature. Is nature savage, a resource for our use, or a mindless machine? Special topics may include animal consciousness, sustainability, indigenous cultures, global climate change and other ecological crises, and the effects of contemporary technologies.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IES
  
  • PL 302 - Ethics

    (3.00 cr.)

    Explores, both historically and topically, the basic questions about values and obligation, the social and individual influences on moral judgement, the application of general guidelines to particular situations, and the search for a personal moral life.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IHE
  
  • PL 305 - The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention

    (3.00 cr.)

    The language and idea of "human rights," "the rights of man," and "natural rights" enter into political and moral discourse in the late eighteenth century. In 2005 the United Nations adopted the Responsibility to Protect, intended to protect all populations from human rights abuses. Ethics demand humanitarian intervention. Yet the ethical demand for intervention is confronted with the complexities of real politics. This course invites students to explore the relationship between ethics and politics with regard to humanitarian intervention. Case studies include the genocide in Rwanda, the ongoing crisis of the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, the human rights abuses in Chechnya, and the practice of honor killing in Asia and other locations.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: GT/IHE/IPJ
  
  • PL 306 - Ethics of Race and Gender

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines how relations of race and gender construct ethical subjects and change the way we understand what it means to live a good life. The course begins by offering some historical context for ethics of race and gender. The course then uses contemporary texts to explore how ethical subjects feel, act, and live their lives within the structures of violence, oppression, domination, and privilege. Students also explore possibilities of resistance and ethical/political action under such conditions.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IG/IHE/IPJ
  
  • PL 310 - Business Ethics

    (3.00 cr.)

    A study of the relevance of ethics to business, with special emphasis on the similarities and differences between business and personal life. Case studies and special readings cover such topics as the social responsibilities of business and the notion of the economic common good.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PL 311 - Bioethics

    (3.00 cr.)

    A study of the moral problems and uncertainties connected with biomedical research. Theoretical questions on the nature of morality and methodological foundations of science lead to a discussion of current topics, such as recombinant DNA, cloning, organ transplants, definitions of death, and death therapy.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: FO/IFS/IHE
  
  • PL 314 - Environmental Ethics

    (3.00 cr.)

    An investigation of the relationship between human beings and the natural world, with attention to the ethical dimensions of our life-style and environmental policies. Students explore their obligations to the nonhuman world and to future generations. Fulfills ethics core requirement.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: GT/IEN/IES/IHE
  
  • PL 315 - Ethics after Auschwitz

    (3.00 cr.)

    When philosopher Theodor Adorno wrote that "to write a poem after Auschwitz is barbaric," it was a profound recognition that the Holocaust changed everything. This course explores ways in which philosophy might be implicated in the Holocaust and other genocides. It then turns to the failures of traditional philosophical ethics that we are forced to confront in the wake of the Holocaust. Finally, the course raises questions about the possibility of hope after Auschwitz.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: FO/IFS/IGE/IHE/IPJ
  
  • PL 320 - Logic

    (3.00 cr.)

    A study of the basic principles and types of reasoning as they function in such fields as business, politics, law, and the natural and social sciences. Attention to the various ways in which language, argument, and persuasion can be used/misused.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 321 - Cross-Cultural Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    In today's multicultural societies, with increasingly frequent cross-cultural interaction taking place on a global scale, there is greater need than ever for philosophical reflection on how cultures have interacted and should interact. This course examines major theories and debates regarding the ethics and politics of cross-cultural relations and the hermeneutics of cross-cultural dialogue.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/IA/ICL
  
  • PL 330 - Social and Political Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Addresses fundamental issues pertaining to the nature, shape, principles, and norms of the social and political order. Focuses on one or more special topics such as power, political authority, conflict, violence, oppression, marginalization, justice, equality, liberty, solidarity, rights, inclusion, and plurality.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 333 - Philosophy of Law

    (3.00 cr.)

    An examination of some basic systems of law, including legal positivism, common law, and natural law. Places where these systems come into conflict-for example, the tort law of wrongful birth-are a special focus of this course. By way of a central theme, students are introduced to the kinds and scope of laws governing homicide and how these apply domestically and internationally. The course is historical-covering authors such as Bentham, Blackstone, and de Vitoria-as well as topical.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: FO/IFS
  
  • PL 334 - Contemporary Political Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Introduces the fundamental ideas which shape the way we think politically such as power, politics, political action, conflict, cooperation and contestation, authority, legitimacy, identity, resistance, and democracy. While exploring these ideas, we discuss some of the central questions of contemporary political philosophy: Does democracy need a common identity which unites the 'body' politic? In what ways does the pluralistic nature of democratic societies challenge the identity of the people? How do different political approaches understand the permanence of pluralism and the inevitability of conflict? How should we understand the nature and limits of politics, power, and authority?

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 335 - Political Philosophy: Justice and Mass Incarceration

    (3.00 cr.)

    The United States imprisons more people per capita than any other nation in the world. A disproportionate number of those incarcerated are people of color, particularly Black, Latino, and indigenous men. How can mass incarceration in the United States be understood? What are the beliefs and ideologies that underwrite this cultural fact?

    This course is an exercise of "societal exegesis," using philosophical, theological, and sociological texts to examine the system of mass incarceration in the United States. Students unpack the institutional history that has created mass incarceration in the United States today, read selections from philosophical and theological literature written from and about prison, and inquire into the feasibility of intervening upon the systemic injustice and racism woven into the prison-industrial complex by way of an experiential practicum in restorative justice.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: FO/IFS/IPJ

  
  • PL 336 - Comparative Philosophy: East-West Dialogues

    (3.00 cr.)

    Places in dialogue Western philosophical topics or figures with those drawn from Asian traditions. One or more specific themes are chosen as the focus of the course; for example, Eastern and Western conceptions of being and nothingness; human nature; the problem of evil; or mind and body.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/IA/ICL
  
  • PL 337 - Philosophy and Feminism

    (3.00 cr.)

    Treats analyses of oppression, conceptions of agency and autonomy, and accounts of the relationship between politics and social reality developed from several feminist philosophical perspectives. Taken together, the course texts challenge students to approach issues in moral and political theory in light of an understanding of how power dynamics involving gender function across cultural-historical contexts.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IG
  
  • PL 338 - Psychoanalysis and Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines recent interpretations of psychoanalysis, informed by existential philosophy and new conceptions of the nature of language. These perspectives restore the fertility and sophistication of Freud's thought and present new opportunities/challenges for philosophical questioning.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 339 - Philosophy of Information and Media

    (3.00 cr.)

    Today we are living through one of human history's great media shifts, on par with the invention of the written language and the printing press. A shift of this magnitude invites philosophical reflection: both historical and phenomenological reflections on the nature of reading, writing, and thinking as well as a general examination of the way media affects consciousness. In this course, students trace the history of media shifts and their impact by looking at thinkers as diverse as Plato and Marshall McLuhan. Special attention is given to reflection on the internet and social media, with readings from earliest theorists of the internet such as Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson and contemporary critiques of the internet such as Nicholas Carr, author of "Is Google Making Us Stupid?"

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 340 - Chance, Determinism, and Agency

    (3.00 cr.)

    Many interpretations of quantum mechanics suggest that, at bottom, the universe behaves at random. If true, how do we make sense of the intentional actions of agents or divine providence in a seemingly chaotic world? Alternative interpretations of quantum mechanics suggest that, at bottom, our universe is deterministic. If correct, then how is it possible for agents (either human or divine) to act freely? This course explores such questions surrounding the intersection of agency and physical theory.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 343 - Philosophy of Human Rights

    (3.00 cr.)

    Addresses basic questions about the nature, content, and philosophical foundations of human rights, with a specific emphasis on the philosophical-historical development of the idea of human rights. Various contemporary human rights problems are explored, including ethnic cleansing and genocide, poverty, and humanitarian intervention.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IPJ
  
  • PL 345 - Sight and Insight: Topics in Aesthetics and Art History

    (3.00 cr.)

    Studying works of art inevitably brings up philosophical questions about the nature of art and the status of aesthetic judgments. Is art just about emotion and not reason? Is art basically subjective? Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Conversely, the philosophy of art must grapple with the acute particularity of artworks, and efforts to probe art in the realm of ideas are inescapably freighted by the objects themselves and the history of art. How is form related to meaning? What is modernism? What is the future of art? In short, art history and philosophy of art need each other, and students need both to fully pursue fundamental questions about the role of art in human life. This course brings abstract theorizing together with contextualized case studies, allowing students to develop nuanced perspectives on our modes of thinking about art and our cultural practices of making, exchanging, and experiencing artworks. Same course as AH 345 .

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 346 - Philosophy of Peace

    (3.00 cr.)

    A study of the nature, aims, and possibility of peace. Students read what philosophers have had to say about peace and war from ancient to contemporary times. Some of the issues examined include just war theory, conscientious objection, nonviolent protest, and the current Iraq war. In general, the course asks the question of whether humans are condemned to eternal war or can hope-as Kant did-for perpetual peace.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 .
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IPJ
  
  • PL 350 - Faith and Reason

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines the perennial tension between reason and faith in the history of philosophy. Can the claims of faith be trusted? What is their value? And, what is the connection between these claims and the claims of scientific reason? Readings from Augustine, Saadia, Anselm, Maimonides, Aquinas, Calvin, Pascal, Kant, and Kierkegaard.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 352 - Philosophy of Freedom

    (3.00 cr.)

    A philosophical and historical analysis of the multiple meanings and uses of the concept of freedom through text, literature, and film, including some cross-cultural exploration. What does the mythic land of freedom look like? Topics include emancipation and incarceration, political liberty and fascism, individual and collective rights, existential freedom, and Gaia.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 353 - Philosophy of Experience

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines the major Western articulations of holism with emphasis on the experience of unity and the unity of experience, including the Neoplatonic philosophy of Plotinus; the Christian mystical tradition inspired by Pseudo-Dionysius; the early modern philosophies of Spinoza and Leibniz; the philosophical idealism of Hegel and Bradley; and the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 354 - Chinese Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students are introduced to some of the major themes and figures of philosophical thought in China. Major attention is given to the classical schools of Chinese philosophy, especially Daoism and Confucianism. Recent works on Chinese philosophy in comparison with Western philosophy may also be examined.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/IA/ICL
  
  • PL 355 - Philosophy of History

    (3.00 cr.)

    History is a central theme of philosophical inquiry. The study of the philosophy of history raises the question as to whether there is meaning in events over time and space, granting regularity and human freedom. Some key authors are Cicero, Augustine, Vico, Kent, Herder, Hegel, Marx, Dilthey, Ricoeur, and Danto, each of whom contributed to shaping the understanding of history.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IC/IGE
  
  • PL 357 - Philosophy and Literature

    (3.00 cr.)

    Literature gives concrete expression to our sense of reality and in its history "re-presents" the status of man and human events as each age presupposes it. Herein resides the intimate relationship which has always existed between literature and philosophy. The history of this relationship explains both the continuity and the discontinuity which is present in Western literature. Focuses on one (or more) special topics, such as tragedy, modernism, aesthetic theories of literature, and existentialism. Same as EN 357 .

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 363 - Kant's Revolutions

    (3.00 cr.)

    An introduction to the revolutionary contributions made by the great German thinker Immanuel Kant to the fields of metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Kant shifts the focus of inquiry from reality in itself to the role of the mind in constructing experience; from moral emotions to rational moral principles; and from the artist's poetic making to judgments of beauty.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IGE
  
  • PL 364 - Renaissance Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Discussion of the foundations of modern thought: the turn towards human interest and to language, the reassessment of the classical heritage, and the crisis of Christianity. Renaissance philosophy shows current issues of philosophy in the making.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IC/II
  
  • PL 365 - Japanese Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students are introduced to some of the major themes and figures of philosophical thought in Japan. The focus is on traditional thought, such as that of the Zen Buddhist philosopher Dogen, and/or on modern thought, such as that of the Kyoto School.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/IA/ICL
  
  • PL 373 - Philosophy/The Enlightenment

    (3.00 cr.)

    Studies the major questions of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century thinkers, such as Descartes, Voltaire, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Hume, Rousseau.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 375 - Topics in Buddhist Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Studies the basic teachings that are shared by Buddhist traditions throughout Asia, and focuses on certain key texts, figures, and schools of Buddhist philosophy. This course, also at times, compares Buddhist philosophy with Western philosophies and religions, and students' own ways of thinking and living. An optional service-learning experience may be included. May be repeated twice for degree credit.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IA
  
  • PL 377 - Philosophy of Nature

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines the changing view of nature from the period of the early modern philosophers of nature, Newton and Bacon, through the Cartesian mechanization of nature adopted and extended by Enlightenment scientists and its rejection by Goethe and Schelling, who defended an organic and holistic view of nature. The basic opposition between the idea of nature as no more than mere natural resources to be exploited for human profit and nature as both alive and the source of all life is shown to be indispensable for understanding contemporary approaches to environmental ethics as well as the looming threat of a global ecological crisis.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IGE/IHE
  
  • PL 381 - German Idealism

    (3.00 cr.)

    German idealism is the name usually given to the explosive series of developments in philosophy during the period immediately after Kant. Seldom in the history of philosophy has so brief a space of time produced so many philosophical innovations, many of which live on today, albeit under other names. Provides an introduction to the seminal role of Kant's thought as it influenced three of the most important thinkers of the time-Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: CU/ICL/IGE
  
  • PL 384 - Phenomenology

    (3.00 cr.)

    An introduction to phenomenology through a study of its major representatives, notably Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Sartre.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IGE
  
  • PL 386 - Forgiveness and Revenge

    (3.00 cr.)

    Challenges students to an in-depth study of a central ethical question: What is the appropriate response to injustice? In particular, how should wrongs be redressed? This course looks to ancient and modern texts to illuminate pressing problems facing our culture.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IPJ
  
  • PL 389 - Nietzsche

    (3.00 cr.)

    Nietzsche is the first major figure in the history of philosophy to repudiate the tradition of Western thought that began with Plato. The nature of this repudiation and Nietzsche's attempt to inaugurate a new mode of philosophical thinking are examined.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IGE
  
  • PL 390 - The Political Challenge of Socrates

    (3.00 cr.)

    Draws on the striking stance of Socrates in the Athenian crisis of the 5th century to illuminate a perennial tension now evident in our age of political hyper-partisanship. How are we to balance the need for political concord and patriotism against the need for critical independence and moral self-examination? Did Socrates deserve his hemlock for sowing disunity in a time of trouble, or was he the tragically unheeded voice of reasoned rehabilitation? Readings from ancient authors Plato, Aristotle, and Thucydides, alongside moderns including Mill, Nietzsche, Rousseau. Same course as CL 390  and PS 390 

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PL 391 - Justice in Global Perspective

    (3.00 cr.)

    Explores the foundations and content of justice beyond national borders. Do states-and their members-have duties to people living in other countries? What is the nature of such duties? Specific topics may include global economic injustice, cosmopolitanism, the moral relevance of political borders, environmental injustices, democracy and human rights, development, and war.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IPJ
  
  • PL 392 - The Challenge of Genocide to Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Contemporary philosophers are now engaged in the multidisciplinary field of critical genocide studies. This course explores in depth the ways in which philosophical analysis might enrich our understanding of genocide and its causes, how philosophy might contribute to genocide prevention, and how philosophy might show paths to reconciliation in the wake of genocidal trauma.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IPJ
  
  • PL 393 - Technology and the Crisis of Nature

    (3.00 cr.)

    Is the human use of technology rooted in a kind of thinking or way of being? Through a reading primarily of Martin Heidegger's work, students look at the dark side of technology and the devastating effects of human technical manipulation of the natural world.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IES/IGE
  
  • PL 396 - Classics of Asian Philosophy

    (3.00 cr.)

    Focuses on two or more classical texts in the history of Asian Philosophy. Similarities and differences between these texts are explored, along with their relation to Western thought. The course tries to place these texts in their cultural and historical context, and explores their relevance to contemporary society and personal experience.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IA
  
  • PL 398 - Philosophy and Film

    (3.00 cr.)

    Our culture has been reshaped by the new technologies of cinema and television. Examines a range of philosophical issues surrounding the audio-visual structure of these media, and their impact upon society. Also uses films, like written texts, as a medium for addressing significant issues in philosophy.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IF
  
  • PL 409 - Creating the World: Theories of Imagination

    (3.00 cr.)

    Imagination has been variously conceived as a necessary aid to cognition (Aristotle), an "inferior kind of perceiving" (Berkeley), a "blind but indispensable function of the soul" (Kant), and "reason in its most exalted form" (Wordsworth). In this seminar, students investigate the history of the concept of imagination, with particular attention given to the philosophical significance of shifts in its characterization and its role in our contemporary self-understanding. Which kinds of human cognition are imaginative and in exactly what sense? How have our imaginative capacities been theorized in relation to reason and emotion? And, what roles do these capacities play in cognition, poetic practices, and moral agency? The very pursuit of answers to these questions requires intellectual imagination, as no single framework or method provides all of the resources needed to think expansively about the nature of the mind and its relationship to the world.

    Prerequisite: PL 201 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies


Photography

  
  • PT 270 - Basic Digital Photography

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students acquire an understanding of and appreciation for both the technical and aesthetic aspects of reading and making photographs. Among the numerous techniques explored are lighting composition, and image enhancement and output. Students are expected to supply a digital camera with the ability to control aperture and shutter speed. Fulfills fine arts core requirement.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring/Summer
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: FO/IEN/IFS
  
  • PT 278 - History of Film

    (3.00 cr.)

    Explores the evolution of film from the development of silent films through contemporary works. Major directors and movements are investigated. Same course as DR 278 .

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IF
  
  • PT 300 - Photocraft

    (3.00 cr.)

    An intermediate, technical introduction to photography concentrating on the fundamentals of imagemaking, editing, and presentation in both silver and digital processes. Students gain a wide range of technical skills and experiences in both the darkroom and digital labs, focusing on in-camera exposure techniques, film/digital printing, and project-based work. A basic introduction to the Zone System, studio lighting, and image presentation is also provided. Students are expected to supply a digital SLR camera (with full manual controls). A film SLR camera is recommended.

    Prerequisite: PT 270  or written permission of the instructor.
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PT 301 - Photographic Vision: Tools, Techniques, and Theories

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students work with film and digital single lens reflex (SLR) cameras in the studio, darkroom, and computer labs. Students learn to use their cameras to craft thoughtful, intentional photographs and to enrich their understanding through careful readings of core texts of photographic theory and analysis of historic and contemporary photographs. Fulfills core requirement. Closed to students who have taken PT 300 . Same course as HN 323 .

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PT 319 - History of Photography

    (3.00 cr.)

    An examination of the major technical and aesthetic movements in the history of photography since its invention. Covers the works of major artists working in this medium as well as the major styles. Students in this class will not be expected to produce photographs. Same course as AH 319 .

    Sessions Typically Offered: Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PT 333 - Spirit Photography

    (3.00 cr.)

    Do you believe in ghosts? Spirits? The metaphysical? Have you ever seen or felt such a presence? Photography has a long history of capturing things the eye cannot see. Does this include spirits or the metaphysical? This course investigates these inquiries by examining nineteenth century spirit photographers through contemporary artists who strive to photograph the metaphysical. Students are introduced to the history of this discourse and guided through the process of making spirit photographs, constructing their own personal photographic spiritual spaces, and exploring the metaphysical through photography.

    Prerequisite: PT 270  or PT 300  or PT 301 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Varies
    Years Typically Offered: Varies

  
  • PT 350 - Visual Thinking

    (3.00 cr.)

    Focuses on methods of interdisciplinary study essential to scholar and artist. This course combines elements of studio art, photography, and art history in a hybrid, seminar/ studio format investigating the history, theory, and material practices of the visual arts. The course offers a versatile, topics-based curriculum bringing the techniques of the artist and the labor of the scholar together in one class. Interpreting research as a creative activity crossing the boundaries of academic disciplines, the principal learning aim is the cultivation of a scholar-artist capable of innovative and rigorous investigation of the history of art and the individual creative processes. Combining experiences of art making and research in the theoretical and historical context of visual art, assignments offer students a choice of responses involving text and image. Same course as AH 350 SA 350 .

    Restrictions: Restricted to juniors, seniors, or written permission of the instructor.

    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PT 353 - Book Arts and Artists' Books

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students are introduced to the materials, techniques, concepts, and equipment used in the craft of making traditional and nontraditional books. They learn folding, stitching, enclosing, and binding methods while creating three-dimensional works that literally or metaphorically reference the structure of books, address contemporary ideas about visual content, and exist as three-dimensional works of art. Same course as CM 349 /SA 353 .

    Prerequisite: SA 224  or written permission of the instructor.
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PT 360 - Digital Mixed Media

    (3.00 cr.)

    A combination studio and digital photography course in which the computer is used as a tool and an integral part of the creative process, but work is achieved through mixed media studio methods. Two- and three-dimensional projects may include installation and/or virtual works that exist only on the Internet. Some prior computer experience recommended. Same course as CM 360  and SA 360 .

    Prerequisite: SA 224  or SA 226  or SA 227 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IEN
  
  • PT 361 - Digital Image

    (3.00 cr.)

    Examines the ways in which the computer and various software programs can be used to modify and enhance an image as a visual statement for artistic and photojournalistic use. Students are expected to supply a digital SLR camera (with full manual controls). Same course as CM 369  and SA 361 .

    Prerequisite: PT 270  or PT 300  or PT 301 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: FO/IFS
  
  • PT 362 - Advanced Digital Imaging

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students closely examine preproduction camera controls such as multiple exposure, compression formats, and camera raw and the postproduction tools of Adobe Photoshop. The aesthetics and ethics of digital imaging are studied in depth.

    Prerequisite: PT 270  or PT 300  or PT 301 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

  
  • PT 364 - Contemporary Digital Art

    (3.00 cr.)

    Students taking this course gain an understanding of contemporary artists focusing on new media, while developing their own digital art practice. Video, animation, sound, web-based artwork, 3-D, interactivity, and other media practices are addressed. Classes consist of research, discussion, studio projects, critiques, and written work. Same course as CM 364  / SA 364 .

    Prerequisite: SA 224  or SA 226  or SA 227 . 
    Sessions Typically Offered: Fall/Spring
    Years Typically Offered: Annually

    Interdisciplinary Studies: IEN
 

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